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against family member

  • 1 vendetta

    noun
    1) Hetzkampagne, die; (feud) Fehde, die
    2) (killings) Blutrache, die
    * * *
    [ven'detə]
    (a fierce, often violent, long-lasting dispute: There has been a bitter vendetta between the two families for many years.) die Blutrache
    * * *
    ven·det·ta
    [venˈdetə, AM -t̬-]
    n Vendetta f, [Blut]rache f
    to wage a personal \vendetta einen persönlichen Rachefeldzug führen
    * * *
    [ven'detə]
    n
    Fehde f; (in family) Blutrache f; (of gangsters) Vendetta f

    to carry on a vendetta against sb — sich mit jdm bekriegen, mit jdm in Fehde liegen; against family member an jdm Blutrache üben

    * * *
    vendetta [venˈdetə] s
    1. Blutrache f
    2. Fehde f
    * * *
    noun
    1) Hetzkampagne, die; (feud) Fehde, die
    2) (killings) Blutrache, die

    English-german dictionary > vendetta

  • 2 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 3 provide

    prəˈvaɪd гл.
    1) заготовлять, запасать;
    сберегать
    2) а) снабжать;
    доставлять;
    обеспечивать( чем-л. материальным) (with) to provide smb. with goods ≈ снабдить кого-л. товарами He provided a car with a radio. ≈ Он в машину установил радиоприемник. б) давать, предоставлять;
    обеспечивать to provide military aid ≈ предоставить военную помощь provide housing for ≈ предоставлять жилплощадь There is no way that we can provide another teacher for that class. ≈ У нас нет никакой возможности пригласить еще одного учителя в этот класс.
    3) обеспечивать средствами к существованию (for) to provide a family for ≈ содержать семью Has every member of the family been equally provided for? ≈ Каждый ли член семьи получает то, что ему необходимо?
    4) а) принимать меры, готовиться to provide against an inflationary economy ≈ принять меры против инфляции Steps can be taken to provide against a severe winter. ≈ Можно подготовиться к суровой зиме. б) предусматривать( for) Expenses provided for in the budget. ≈ В бюджете предусмотрены деньги на расходы.
    5) юр. обусловливать, предусматривать ( that - при условии) The new law provides for equality of human rights. ≈ Новый закон устанавливает равенство прав всех людей. Section 17 provides that all decisions must be circulated in writing. ≈ Раздел 17 предусматривает, что все решения должны передаваться в письменной форме. снабжать;
    обеспечивать - to * smb. with money снабдить кого-либо деньгами обеспечивать (средствами к существованию) - to * for a large family обеспечивать большую семью предоставлять, давать - to * meals предоставить питание - to * an opportunity for smb. to do smth. предоставить кому-либо возможность сделать что-либо принимать меры, (при) готовиться - to * against a surprise attack принять меры против внезапного нападения предусматривать - in my plans for the journey, I have *d for possible accidents планируя свое путешествие, я предусмотрел возможные случайности (юридическое) предусматривать, обусловливать - the contract *s for payment in cash договор предусматривает уплату наличными( юридическое) запрещать - this contract *s against the resale of the goods этот договор запрещает перепродажу товаров (церковное) (историческое) предоставлять (священнику) бенефиций до открытия вакансии ~ снабжать;
    обеспечивать;
    he has a large family to provide for он содержит большую семью ~ предоставлять, давать;
    his father provided him with a good education отец дал ему хорошее образование provide давать ~ заготовлять, запасать(ся) ;
    to provide an excuse (заранее) приготовить извинение ~ запасать ~ запрещать ~ обеспечивать ~ обеспечивать средствами к существованию ~ обусловливать ~ постановлять ~ предоставлять, давать;
    his father provided him with a good education отец дал ему хорошее образование ~ предоставлять ~ предусматривать ~ принимать меры (against - против чего-л.) ;
    предусматривать (for) ~ принимать меры ~ снабжать;
    обеспечивать;
    he has a large family to provide for он содержит большую семью ~ снабжать ~ ставить условием( that) ~ заготовлять, запасать(ся) ;
    to provide an excuse (заранее) приготовить извинение ~ for обеспечивать средствами к существованию ~ for обусловливать ~ for предусматривать

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > provide

  • 4 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 5 crime

    1) злочин, злодіяння; злочинність; неправильна поведінка
    2) виносити (обвинувальний) вирок; військ. карати за порушення статуту
    •

    crime against the law of nations — злочин за міжнародним правом, міжнародний злочин; діяння, визнане злочинним за кримінальним правом всіх країн

    crime committed on government property — злочин, пов'язаний з державною власністю

    crime committed with the use of arms — злочин, вчинений із застосуванням зброї

    crime for which punishment may be imprisonment — злочин, за який передбачається ув'язнення

    crime foreign to the common criminal purpose — злочин, не охоплений спільною злочинною метою

    crime suggested and committed but in a different way — вчинення злочину за намовлянням, але способом, відмінним від запропонованого підбурювачем

    crime that does not threaten life — злочин, що не загрожує життю

    - crime affiliation
    - crime affiliations
    - crime afoot
    - crime against bodily security
    - crime against humanity
    - crime against justice
    - crime against morality
    - crime against nature
    - crime against peace
    - crime against property
    - crime against public property
    - crime against public order
    - crime against public security
    - crime against state property
    - crime against the individual
    - crime against the person
    - crime against the peace
    - crime against the reputation
    - crime against the state
    - crime against the State
    - crime aided and abetted
    - crime alleged at bar
    - crime as a protest act
    - crime as a protest action
    - crime association
    - crime at common law
    - crime authority
    - crime bill
    - crime boss
    - crime-breeding
    - crime-breeding consequences
    - crime business
    - crime by repeater
    - crime career
    - crime cartel
    - crime category
    - crime causation
    - crime committer
    - crime confederation
    - crime connections
    - crime construction
    - crime control
    - crime control administrator
    - crime coverage
    - crime czar
    - crime data
    - crime data source
    - crime detection
    - crime detection agency
    - crime deterrence
    - crime deterrent
    - crime difficult to trace
    - crime done unwillingly
    - crime due to jealousy
    - crime due to passion
    - crime easy to solve
    - crime enterprise
    - crime ethnomethodology
    - crime expert
    - crime explosion
    - crime family
    - crime fighter
    - crime-fighter
    - crime fighting
    - crime-fighting
    - crime figure
    - crime figures
    - crime for profit
    - crime front
    - crime fugitive
    - crime group
    - crime in passion
    - crime in progress
    - crime in the economic sphere
    - crime-inciting
    - crime income
    - crime index
    - crime industry
    - crime information
    - crime-information system
    - crime instrument
    - crime intelligence
    - crime-intensive
    - crime-intensive sphere
    - crime investigation
    - crime investigator
    - crime lab
    - crime laboratory
    - crime-laboratory tool
    - crime-laboratory tools
    - crime leader
    - crime map
    - crime mastermind
    - crime member
    - crime merchant
    - crime method
    - crime of dishonesty
    - crime of forethought
    - crime of high treason
    - crime of momentary passion
    - crime of negligence
    - crime of omission
    - crime of passion
    - crime of treason
    - crime of vagrancy
    - crime of violence
    - crime passionel
    - crime perpetrator
    - crime prevention
    - crime-prevention measure
    - crime-prone
    - crime-prone years
    - crime rate
    - crime reconstruction
    - crime record
    - Crime Record Center
    - crime reduction
    - crime register
    - crime reporter
    - crime reported
    - crime reporting
    - crime-ridden
    - crime-ridden area
    - crime scene
    - crime scene tape
    - crime scene videotape
    - crime scene investigation
    - crime scene photography
    - crime scene processing
    - crime scene sketch
    - crime sheet
    - crime site
    - crime situation
    - crime solved
    - crime statistics
    - crime suspect
    - crime syndicate
    - crime trend
    - crime triangle
    - crime typology file
    - crime under consideration
    - crime under international law
    - crime under investigation
    - crime victim
    - crime wave
    - crime with the use of firearms

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > crime

  • 6 provide

    [prə'vaɪd]
    гл.
    1)
    а) ( provide with) снабжать; доставлять; обеспечивать (кого-л. / что-л.)

    to provide smb. with goods — снабдить кого-л. товарами

    He provided a car with a radio. — Он установил в машину радиоприёмник.

    б) давать, предоставлять; обеспечивать

    There is no way that we can provide another teacher for that class. — У нас нет никакой возможности пригласить ещё одного учителя в этот класс.

    2) ( provide for) обеспечивать средствами к существованию (кого-л.)

    Has every member of the family been equally provided for? — Каждый ли член семьи получает то, что ему необходимо?

    3) заготовлять, запасать; сберегать
    4) ( provide against) принимать (защитные) меры в отношении (чего-л.), готовиться к (чему-л.)

    Steps can be taken to provide against a severe winter. — Можно подготовиться к суровой зиме.

    5) обусловливать, предусматривать (что-л.)

    The expenses are provided for in the budget. — Эти расходы предусмотрены в бюджете.

    The new law provides for equality of human rights. — Новый закон устанавливает равенство прав всех людей.

    Section 17 provides that all decisions must be circulated in writing. — Раздел 17 предусматривает, что все решения должны передаваться в письменной форме.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > provide

  • 7 for

    fo: 1. preposition
    1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) til, for
    2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) til, i retning av
    3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) i
    4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) om
    5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) for
    6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) til
    7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) for
    8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?) for
    9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) for
    10) (because of: for this reason.) av, på grunn av
    11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) for, til
    12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) for
    13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) for
    14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) til å være
    15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) trass i, (til) tross (for)
    2. conjunction
    (because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) for
    av
    --------
    for
    --------
    til
    I
    prep. \/fɔː\/, trykksvak: \/fə\/
    1) for
    2) (om destinasjon, retning) til, i retning av
    • where is the train for London?
    3) til
    4) (beregnet) for, til (å), for
    5) mot, (i stedet) for, for
    6) på grunn av, som en følge av, for... skyld, av, for
    • when she saw her home town, she cried for joy
    da hun så hjembyen sin, gråt hun av glede
    spaserturen gjorde deg godt \/ du ser bedre ut etter turen din
    7) for, for å få, for å hente, etter, om, på
    8) (som representant) for, som i
    9) for, til forsvar for, til fordel for
    • are you for the plan or against it?
    10) for, til... å være, som... betraktet
    11) tross, trass i, til tross (for)
    til tross for alle pengene, var han likevel ulykkelig
    12) med tanke på, angående, med hensyn til, når det gjelder, i spørsmål om, i
    han kunne like gjerne gått opp i røyk, så sporløst som han forsvant
    13) for, mot
    14) som, for, til
    • what did you do that for?
    15) på, på noens vegne, på noens regning, for
    16) til
    17) pålydende, på
    • a bill for £100
    • put my name down for £50
    18) ( om tidsrom) på, i, for, til
    i flere kilometer, på flere kilometers avstand
    act for oneself handle på egen hånd, handle selvstendig
    as for når det gjelder, med tanke på, hva... angår
    be (all) for være (helt) for, stemme for, gå inn for, være stemt for
    for all så vidt, for det
    for as much as ettersom, i betraktning av at
    for instance\/example for eksempel
    for now for øyeblikket, foreløpig, for denne gang, i denne omgang
    for one for min\/din\/sin del
    for one thing for det første, for eksempel
    for someone\/something to for noe(n) (til) å
    for at noe skal...
    det er vanlig at menn gjør sånt \/ menn pleier å gjøre sånt
    • it is a mistake for children to be allowed to...
    det er galt at barn for lov til å...
    know for certain vite med sikkerhet, være sikker på
    leave someone for dead forlate noen i troen på at vedkommende er død, forlate noen som død
    look\/judge for oneself dømme selv, se selv
    not for me ingenting for meg
    • not for me a life in poverty!
    now for it! nå gjelder det!, til saken!
    now you're for it! ( hverdagslig) nå skal du få!, nå har jeg deg!
    oh for... jeg har så lyst på...
    be one for something like noe, være glad i noe
    so much for that det var det!, nok av\/om det!
    there's\/that's... for you (hverdagslig, spøkefullt) snakk om..., da kan man snakke om...
    there's nothing for it but to... det er ikke annet å gjøre enn å..., det er ingen annen råd enn å...
    what did... do that for? ( hverdagslig) hvorfor gjorde... det?
    what's this for? ( hverdagslig) hva brukes dette til? hva skal dette være godt for?
    II
    konj. \/fɔː\/, trykksvak: \/fə\/
    for
    • I asked her to stay, for I had something to tell her
    jeg ba henne om å bli, for jeg hadde noe å si henne

    English-Norwegian dictionary > for

  • 8 vote

    vote [vəʊt]
    1 noun
    (a) (ballot) vote m;
    ∎ to have a vote on sth voter sur qch, mettre qch aux voix;
    ∎ to put a question to the vote mettre une question aux voix;
    ∎ to take a vote on sth (gen) voter sur qch; Administration & Politics procéder au vote de qch;
    ∎ if it comes to a or the vote, I know where I stand s'il est procédé à un vote, je sais quelle est ma position;
    ∎ vote of thanks discours m de remerciement;
    ∎ I propose a vote of thanks to our charming hostesses je propose que l'on remercie chaleureusement nos charmantes hôtesses
    (b) (in parliament) vote m, scrutin m;
    ∎ seventy MPs were present for the vote soixante-dix députés étaient présents pour le vote;
    ∎ the vote went in the government's favour/against the government les députés se sont prononcés en faveur du/contre le gouvernement;
    ∎ vote of confidence vote m de confiance;
    ∎ vote of no confidence motion f de censure
    (c) (individual choice) vote m, voix f;
    ∎ to give one's vote to sb voter pour qn;
    ∎ they've got my vote je vote pour eux;
    ∎ to count the votes (gen) compter les votes ou les voix; Politics dépouiller le scrutin;
    ∎ the candidate got 15,000 votes le candidat a recueilli 15 000 voix;
    ∎ to be elected by one vote être élu à une voix de majorité;
    ∎ one member, one vote = système de scrutin "un homme, une voix"
    (d) (ballot paper) bulletin m de vote
    (e) (suffrage) droit m de vote;
    ∎ to have the vote avoir le droit de vote;
    ∎ to give the vote to sb accorder le droit de vote à qn;
    ∎ the suffragettes campaigned for votes for women les suffragettes ont fait campagne pour qu'on accorde le droit de vote aux femmes
    (f) (UNCOUNT) (collectively → voters) vote m, voix fpl; (→ votes cast) voix fpl exprimées;
    ∎ they hope to win the working-class vote ils espèrent gagner les voix des ouvriers;
    ∎ the Scottish vote went against the government le vote écossais a été défavorable au gouvernement;
    ∎ they won 40 percent of the vote ils ont remporté 40 pour cent des voix ou des suffrages;
    ∎ they increased their vote by 12 percent ils ont amélioré leurs résultats de 12 pour cent
    (g) British Politics (grant) vote m de crédits;
    ∎ a vote of £100,000 un vote de crédits de 100 000 livres
    ∎ vote Malone! votez Malone!;
    ∎ to vote Labour/Republican voter travailliste/républicain;
    ∎ our family have always voted Conservative notre famille a toujours voté conservateur ou pour le parti conservateur
    (b) (in parliament, assembly → motion, law, money) voter;
    ∎ they voted that the sitting (should) be suspended ils ont voté la suspension de la séance
    (c) (elect) élire; (appoint) nommer;
    ∎ she was voted president elle a été élue présidente
    (d) (declare) proclamer;
    ∎ the party was voted a great success de l'avis de tous, la soirée a été un grand succès
    (e) (suggest) proposer;
    ∎ I vote we all go to bed je propose qu'on aille tous se coucher
    voter;
    ∎ France is voting this weekend la France va aux urnes ce week-end;
    ∎ how did the country vote? comment est-ce que le pays a voté?;
    ∎ to vote for/against sb voter pour/contre qn;
    ∎ I'm going to vote for Barron je vais voter (pour) Barron ou donner ma voix à Barron;
    ∎ most of the delegates voted against the chairman la plupart des délégués ont voté contre le président;
    ∎ to vote in favour of/against sth voter pour/contre qch;
    ∎ the party conference voted on the question of nuclear disarmament le congrès du parti a voté sur la question du désarmement nucléaire;
    ∎ let's vote on it! mettons cela aux voix!;
    ∎ to vote by a show of hands voter à main levée;
    ∎ figurative to vote with one's feet (by leaving) manifester ou signifier son mécontentement en partant; (by not turning up) manifester ou signifier son mécontentement par le boycott
    (bill, proposal) rejeter (par le vote)
    (person, government) élire; (new law) voter, adopter
    (suggestion) rejeter; (minister) relever de ses fonctions;
    ∎ the bill was voted out le projet de loi n'a pas été adopté ou a été rejeté
    (bill, reform) voter, ratifier

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > vote

  • 9 speak

    1. I
    1) the baby is learning to speak ребенок учится говорить; he was too ill to speak он так плохо себя чувствовал, что не мог говорить; did you speak, sir? вы что-то сказали, сэр?; Janes speaking Джоунз у телефона; he left without speaking он ушел, не сказав ни слова; their eyes spoke их взгляды были весьма красноречивы; the cannon spoke заговорили пушки; the portrait speaks портрет как живой
    2) he left the meeting without speaking он ушел с собрания, не выступив; since I am speaking... поскольку мне предоставлено слово...
    2. II
    1) speak in some manner speak well (badly, quickly, slowly, loud, low, softly, harshly, sharply, respectfully, etc.) говорить хорошо и т.д.; generally /broadly/ (objectively, practically, etc.) speaking... вообще и т.д. говоря...; properly speaking по сути дела, собственно говоря; strictly speaking he is right строго говоря, он прав; roughly speaking there were perhaps ten thousand participants там было, грубо говоря, около десяти тысяч участников; to speak plainly, he is a thief попросту говоря, он вор; legally speaking he is right с юридической точки зрения он прав; metaphorically /figuratively/ speaking фигурально выражаясь; actions speak louder than words дела говорят сами за себя || speak at random говорить наугад id so to speak так сказать; you are, so to speak, one of the family вы, так сказать /собственно говоря/, член семья
    3. III
    speak smth.
    1) speak English (French, etc.) говорить по-английски и т.д.; speak a foreign language говорить на каком-л. иностранном языке; speak several languages говорить на нескольких языках, владеть несколькими языками; speak fluent (excellent) Italian свободно (прекрасно) говорить по-итальянски: he cannot speak German он не знает немецкого языка, он не говорит по-немецки
    2) not to speak a word не произнести ни слова; he couldn't speak these words он не мог выговорить эти слова
    3) speak the truth говорить правду; speak one's opinion /one's mind/ высказывать свое мнение; speak one's lines произносить свои реплики; speak nonsense говорить глупости; speak words of praise /smb.'s praises/ хвалить кого-л.; his eyes spoke volumes его взгляд был красноречивее всяких слов; her eyes spoke affection ее глаза светились любовью
    4. IV
    speak smth. in some manner
    1) speak English fluently (well, naturally, etc.) бегло /свободно/ и т.д. говорить по-английски
    2) speak one's part well (badly, inaudibly, etc.) хорошо и т.д. проговаривать свою роль
    3) speak one's mind bluntly прямо /без обиняков/ высказывать свое мнение
    5. XI
    1) be spoken not a word was spoken никто не вымолвил и слова; не было сказано ни слова; be spoken in some manner words that are seldom spoken слова, которые редко произносят [вслух]; be spoken of he is much spoken of о нем много говорят; deserve to be well /highly/ spoken of заслуживать, чтобы о тебе хорошо говорили /отзывались/
    2) be spoken somewhere is English spoken here? здесь говорят /кто-нибудь разговаривает/ по-английски?
    6. XVI
    1) speak in smth. speak in a whisper (in a low voice, in public, etc.) говорить шепотом и т.д.; are you good at speaking in public вы умеете выступать перед аудиторией?; speak in some language speak in English (in French, etc.) говорить по-английски /на английском языке/ и т.д.; speak with (without) smth. speak with certainty (with spirit, with great composure, with emphasis, with authority, without reserve, etc.) говорить с уверенностью и т.д.; speak to /with/ smb. speak rudely (kindly, amiably, etc.) to /with/ smb. разговаривать с кем-л. грубо и т.д., who was that man you were speaking with? с кем это вы разговаривали?; speak to oneself разговаривать с самим собой; you will have to speak to all participants вам придется поговорить со всеми участниками; speak to /with/ smb. about /of, on/ smth. speak with /to/ smb. about /of/ various matters (about a particular matter, about the plan, about mutual acquaintances, etc.) (подговорить с кем-л. о разных делах и т.д.; you'll have to speak to the clerk about that вам придется поговорить об этом с клерком; I have not spoken with him yet on the subject я еще не говорил с ним по этому вопросу; speak with smb., for some time speak with her for an hour целый час разговаривать с ней; speak with smth. in smth. speak with tears in one's eyes говорить со слезами на глазах; speak to smth. this picture speaks to the heart картина берет за сердце; speak to the point говорить по существу, не отклоняться от вопроса /темы/; speak of /about/ smth., smb. speak of his work (of his writings, of the old days, about the matter, about his travels, etc.) говорить /рассуждать/ о своей работе и т.д.; speak ill (well) of smth., smb. плохо (хорошо) отзываться о чем-л., ком-л.; speak highly of smb.'s talents (of smb.'s skill, of the doctor, etc.) высоко ценить чьи-л. способности и т.д., быть высокого мнения о чьих-л. талантах и т.д.; how do people speak of me? что обо мне говорят /как обо мне отзываются/ [люди]?; nothing to speak of очень мало; have you had much difficulty? speak Nothing to speak of у вас было много затруднений? speak Почти никаких; this picture is nothing to speak of в этой картине нет ничего особенного, эта картина ничего особенного собой не представляет; have no luggage (no resources, по property, etc.) to speak of иметь очень мало /почти не иметь/ багажа и т.д.; his pinched features (everything in the house, etc.) spoke of want его худое лицо и т.д. свидетельствовало о нужде; her eyes spoke of suffering ее глаза говорили о страданиях; speak for smb., smth. speak for my friend (for myself, for others, etc.) говорить от имени друга и т.д.; speak for yourself! [не говорите за других,] говорите только за себя!; 1 will now let MX speak for himself я теперь предоставлю возможность господину X самому высказаться; the facts speak for themselves факты говорят сами за себя; this discovery speaks for itself это открытие говорит само за себя /не требует комментариев/; speak well for her upbringing (for your courage, etc.) свидетельствовать о ее воспитанности и т.д.; it speaks well for him that he did not accept его отказ говорит в его пользу; speak from smth. speak from experience (from memory, from hearsay, from actual observation, etc.) говорить по опыту /основываясь на опыте/ и т.д.; speak over (through, by, etc.) smth. speak over /by/ the telephone говорить по телефону; speak into the telephone говорить в [телефонную] трубку; speak through the nose говорить в нос, гнусавить; speak through an interpreter разговаривать через переводчика; speak by signs разговаривать жестами /знаками/ || speak under one's breath говорить шепотом
    2) speak for (against) smb. speak for the children (for the poor girl, for her neighbours, etc.) заступаться за детей и т.д.; please speak for me to the director пожалуйста, поговорите обо мне с директором; he spoke against me он плохо обо мне отзывался || speak behind smb.'s back говорить за чьей-л. спиной
    3) speak for smth. speak for seats beforehand заранее договориться о местах
    4) speak (up)on /about/ smth. speak on a matter (on a topic, on this point, upon a subject, etc.) выступать по какому-л. вопросу /на какую-л. тему/ и т.д.; I have heard him speak on drama (about modern art, etc.) я слышал его выступление о драме и т.д.; speak at smth. speak at a meeting (at a large gathering, at a forum, at a conference, etc.) выступать на собрании и т.д.; speak to /before/ smb. speak to a large audience (to students, to recruits, before a company, etc.) выступать перед большой аудиторией и т.д.; speak for some time speak for forty minutes говорить /выступать/ сорок минут; she spoke for only ten minutes ее выступление длилось всего десять минут; speak for (against) smb., smth. he spoke for me он вступился за меня; you mustn't speak against his plan (his nomination, her brother, etc.) вы не должны возражать /выступать/ против его плана и т.д.; speak in smth. speak in smb.'s defence (in smb.'s support, in confirmation of smth., etc.) выступать в чью-л. защиту и т.д. || speak on smb.'s behalf выступать в чью-л. защиту; speak on /in/ smb.'s behalf говорить от чьего-л. имени /от имени кого-л./
    7. XIX1
    speak like smth. speak like a book говорить как по писаному; the artist made his violin speak like the voice of a man музыкант заставил свою скрипку звучать подобно человеческому голосу
    8. XX1
    speak as smb. speak as a friend (as a member of the Committee, etc.) говорить как друг и т.д.
    9. XXI1
    speak some language with smb. speak English with these people говорить с этими людьми по-английски; speak some language for some time I haven't spoken Spanish for years я уже много лет не говорю по-испански
    10. XXV
    speak when... (speak as if...) they speak when they meet они беседуют, когда встречаются; he spoke as if he were angry он говорил как-то зло

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > speak

  • 10 credit

    ˈkredɪt
    1. сущ.
    1) доверие, вера Charges like these may seem to deserve some degree of credit. ≈ Обвинения, подобные этим, кажется, заслуживают известного доверия. give credit to Syn: belief, credence, faith, trust
    2) положительная социальная оценка или выражение ее а) хорошая репутация, доброе имя;
    честь, репутация John Gilpin was a citizen of credit and renown. ≈ Джон Гилпин был человек известный и с добрым именем. This they did to save their own credit. ≈ Они сделали это для спасения собственной чести. Syn: reputation, repute, estimate, esteem, good name, honour б) похвала, честь The credit of inventing coined money has been claimed for the Persians. ≈ Честь изобретения монет приписывали персам. This is much credit to you. ≈ Это большая честь для вас. do smb. credit to one's credit Syn: acknowledgement of merit в) влияние;
    значение;
    уважение (of, for) Granvelle was not slow to perceive his loss of credit with the regent. ≈ Гранвель быстро понял, что его влияние на регента ослабло. г) фамилия или имя лица в списке лиц, участвовавших в том или ином проекте credits credit line
    3) а) амер. условное очко, начисляемое за прослушивание какого-л. курса (за один курс может быть начислено несколько очков) ;
    студент обязан набрать на данном году обучение такое число курсов, чтобы число очков за них было не ниже определенного значения;
    русские эмигранты называют это кредит б) амер. запись в зачетной книжке об успешной сдаче того или иного курса
    4) финансовые термины а) фин. кредит, долг That the purchasers of books take long credit. ≈ Книготорговцы берут кредиты на длительный срок. - letter of credit on credit allow credit credit card credit worthiness jumbo credit б) фин. сумма, записанная на приход в) фин. счет в банке г) фин. правая сторона бухгалтерской книги (куда записывается приход;
    в сокращенном варианте Cr.)
    2. гл.
    1) доверять, верить Even if you don't agree with the member's opinion, you must credit him for his loyalty. ≈ Даже если вы несогласны с мнением члена комитета, вы не имеете права сомневаться в его добрых намерениях. The report of William's death was credited. ≈ Сообщению о смерти Уильяма поверили. Syn: believe, trust
    2) редк. архаич. повышать репутацию, добавлять к чести That my actions might credit my profession. ≈ Что мои действия сделают мою профессию еще более уважаемой.
    3) приписывать( кому-л. совершение какого-л. действия) The staff are crediting him with having saved John's life. ≈ Сотрудники считают, что он спас Джону жизнь. Syn: attribute
    4) фин. а) кредитовать, выдавать кредит Entries were made crediting Stoney with 1630 pounds and Armitage with 800 pounds. ≈ Были сделаны записи о выдаче Стоуни кредита в 1630 фунтов и Армитаджу 800 фунтов. б) записывать в доходную часть см. credit
    1.
    4) вера, доверие - to give * to smth. поверить чему-л. - to put * in hearsay поверить слухам - to lose * потерять доверие - the latest news lend * to the earlier reports последние известия подтверждают полученные ранее сообщения репутация;
    надежность;
    доброе имя - he is a man of * он человек, пользующийся хорошей репутацией;
    на него можно положиться влияние, значение;
    уважение - he resolved to employ all his * in order to prevent the marriage он решил использовать все свое влияние, чтобы помешать этому браку честь, заслуга - * line выражение благодарности в чей-л. адрес - to do smb. *, to do * to smb., to stand to smb.'s * делать честь кому-л. - to take * for smth. приписывать себе честь чего-л., ставить себе в заслугу что-л. - to give smb. * for smth. признавать что-л. за кем-л. - we give him * for the idea мы признаем, что это была его идея считать, полагать - I gave you * for being a more sensible fellow я думал, что вы благоразумнее - give me * for some brains! не считайте меня круглым дураком! - the boy is a * to his parents родители могут гордиться таким мальчиком - it is greatly to your * that you have passed such a difficult examination успешная сдача такого трудного экзамена делает вам честь - she's not yet 30 years old and already she has 5 books to her * ей еще нет тридцати лет, а у нее на счету пять книг (американизм) зачет;
    удостоверение о прохождении курса в учебном заведении - * course обязательный предмет - French is a 3-hour * course по французскому языку проводятся три часа обязательных занятий в неделю - * student полноправный студент - he needs three *s to graduate до выпуска ему осталось три экзамена балл(ы) за прослушанный курс или сдачу экзаменов - *s in history and geography отметки о сдаче полного курса по истории и географии положительная оценка( коммерческое) (финансовое) кредит - long * долгосрочный кредит - blank * бланковый кредит, кредит без обеспечения - * standing кредитоспособность, финансовое положение - * rating оценка кредитоспособности - * insurance страхование кредитов, страхование от неуплаты долга - * squeeze ограничение кредита;
    кредитная рестрикция - * on mortgage ипотечный кредит - letter of * аккредитив;
    кредитное письмо - to buy on * покупать в кредит - no * is given in this shop в этом магазине нет продажи в кредит( бухгалтерское) кредит, правая сторона счета - to place to the * of an account записать в кредит счета сумма, записанная на приход верить, доверять - to * a story верить рассказу (with) приписывать (кому-л., чему-л. что-л.) - to * smb. with a quality приписывать кому-л. какое-л. качество - these remarks are *ed to Plato эти замечания приписываются Платону - the shortage of wheat was *ed to lack of rain неурожай пшеницы объясняли отсутствием дождей - please * me with some sense! пожалуйста, не считай меня круглым дураком! ( американизм) принять зачет, выдать удостоверение о прохождении курса (бухгалтерское) кредитовать - to * a sum to smb., to * smb. with a sum записывать сумму в кредит чьего-л. счета acceptance ~ акцептный кредит acceptance letter of ~ подтверждение аккредитива agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственный кредит ~ фин. кредит;
    долг;
    сумма, записанная на приход;
    правая сторона бухгалтерской книги;
    on credit в долг;
    в кредит;
    to allow credit предоставить кредит bank ~ банковский кредит bank ~ agreement банковское кредитное соглашение banker confirmed ~ аккредитив, подтвержденный банком banker ~ банковский кредит banking ~ банковский кредит bilateral ~ кредит, предоставляемый на двусторонней основе ~ похвала, честь;
    to one's credit к (чьей-л.) чести;
    the boy is a credit to his family мальчик делает честь своей семье;
    to do (smb.) credit делать честь (кому-л.) building ~ кредит на строительство business ~ кредит на торгово-промышленную деятельность buyer's ~ кредит покупателя buyer's ~ потребительский кредит cash ~ кредит в наличной форме cash ~ овердрафт cash letter of ~ аккредитив наличными cheap ~ кредит под низкий процент commercial ~ коммерческий кредит commercial ~ подтоварный кредит commercial ~ товарный аккредитив commercial letter of ~ товарный аккредитив construction ~ кредит на строительство construction ~ строительный кредит consumer ~ потребительский кредит consumer instalment ~ потребительский кредит с погашением в рассрочку consumption ~ кредит потребления credit аккредитив ~ вера ~ верить ~ влияние;
    значение;
    уважение (of, for) ~ влияние ~ выделять кредит ~ доверие;
    вера;
    to give credit (to smth.) поверить (чему-л.) ~ доверие ~ доверять;
    верить ~ доверять ~ зачет ~ амер. зачет;
    удостоверение о прохождении (какого-л.) курса в учебном заведении ~ фин. кредит;
    долг;
    сумма, записанная на приход;
    правая сторона бухгалтерской книги;
    on credit в долг;
    в кредит;
    to allow credit предоставить кредит ~ кредит ~ фин. кредитовать ~ кредитовать ~ льгота ~ похвала, честь;
    to one's credit к (чьей-л.) чести;
    the boy is a credit to his family мальчик делает честь своей семье;
    to do (smb.) credit делать честь (кому-л.) ~ правая сторона счета ~ приписывать;
    to credit (smb.) with good intentions приписывать (кому-л.) добрые намерения ~ репутация ~ скидка ~ сумма, записанная на приход ~ хорошая репутация ~ against pledge of chattels ссуда под залог движимого имущества ~ an account with an amount записывать сумму на кредит счета ~ an amount to an account записывать сумму на кредит счета ~ at reduced rate of interest кредит по сниженной процентной ставке ~ attr.: ~ card кредитная карточка (форма безналичного расчета) ;
    credit worthiness кредитоспособность ~ for construction кредит на строительство ~ for unlimited period кредит на неограниченный срок ~ granted by supplier кредит, предоставляемый поставщиком ~ in the profit and loss account записывать на кредит счета прибылей и убытков ~ on security of personal property кредит под гарантию индивидуальной собственности ~ secured on real property кредит, обеспеченный недвижимостью ~ to account записывать на кредит счета ~ to finance production кредит для финансирования производства ~ приписывать;
    to credit (smb.) with good intentions приписывать (кому-л.) добрые намерения ~ attr.: ~ card кредитная карточка( форма безналичного расчета) ;
    credit worthiness кредитоспособность current account ~ кредит по открытому счету customs ~ таможенный кредит debit and ~ дебет и кредит debit and ~ расход и приход deferred ~ зачисление денег на текущий счет с отсрочкой demand line of ~ кредитная линия до востребования discount ~ учетный кредит ~ похвала, честь;
    to one's credit к (чьей-л.) чести;
    the boy is a credit to his family мальчик делает честь своей семье;
    to do (smb.) credit делать честь (кому-л.) documentary acceptance ~ документарный аккредитив documentary acceptance ~ документарный акцептный кредит documentary ~ документарный аккредитив documentary ~ документированный кредит documentary letter of ~ документарный аккредитив documentary letter of ~ товарный аккредитив, оплачиваемый при предъявлении отгрузочных документов documentary sight ~ документарный аккредитив, по которому выписывается предъявительская тратта export ~ кредит на экспорт export ~ экспортный кредит export letter of ~ экспортный аккредитив extend a ~ предоставлять кредит external ~ зарубежный кредит farm ~ сельскохозяйственный кредит financial aid by ~ финансовая помощь путем предоставления кредита fixed sum ~ кредит с фиксированной суммой foreign ~ иностранный кредит ~ доверие;
    вера;
    to give credit (to smth.) поверить (чему-л.) goods ~ подтоварный кредит government ~ правительственный кредит grant ~ предоставлять кредит guarantee ~ кредит в качестве залога guaranteed ~ гарантированный кредит hire-purchase ~ кредит на куплю-продажу в рассрочку import ~ кредит для импорта товаров import ~ кредит на импорт industrial ~ промышленный кредит industrial ~ undertaking предприятие, пользующееся промышленным кредитом instalment ~ кредит на оплату в рассрочку instalment ~ кредит с погашением в рассрочку interest ~ кредит для выплаты процентов intervention ~ посреднический кредит investment ~ кредит для финансирования инвестиций investment tax ~ налоговая скидка для капиталовложений irrevocable bank ~ не подлежащий отмене банковский кредит irrevocable documentary ~ безотзывный документальный аккредитив limited ~ ограниченный кредит long term ~ долгосрочный кредит long-term ~ долгосрочный кредит mail order ~ кредит на доставку товаров по почте mail order ~ кредит на посылочную торговлю marginal ~ кредит по операциям с маржой monetary ~ денежный кредит mortgage ~ ипотечный кредит mortgage ~ кредит под недвижимость ~ фин. кредит;
    долг;
    сумма, записанная на приход;
    правая сторона бухгалтерской книги;
    on credit в долг;
    в кредит;
    to allow credit предоставить кредит on ~ в кредит ~ похвала, честь;
    to one's credit к (чьей-л.) чести;
    the boy is a credit to his family мальчик делает честь своей семье;
    to do (smb.) credit делать честь (кому-л.) open a ~ открывать кредит open ~ неограниченный кредит open ~ открытый кредит operating ~ текущий кредит to our ~ в наш актив to our ~ на кредит нашего счета outstanding exchange ~ неоплаченный валютный кредит overdraft ~ превышение кредитного лимита personal ~ индивидуальный заем personal ~ личный кредит provide ~ предоставлять кредит purchase ~ кредит на покупку purchase on ~ покупка в кредит purchaser on ~ покупатель в кредит raise ~ получать кредит real estate ~ ипотечный кредит renewable ~ возобновляемый кредит revocable documentary ~ отзывной документарный кредит revoke a ~ аннулировать кредит revolving ~ возобновляемый кредит revolving ~ револьверный кредит rollover ~ кредит, пролонгированный путем возобновления rollover ~ кредит с плавающей процентной ставкой rollover ~ ролловерный кредит sale on ~ продажа в кредит sale: ~ on credit продажа в кредит second mortgage ~ кредит под вторую закладную second mortgage ~ кредит под заложенную собственность secondary ~ компенсационный кредит secured ~ ломбардный кредит secured ~ обеспеченный кредит shipping ~ кредит на отправку груза short-term ~ краткосрочный кредит sight ~ аккредитив, по которому выписывается предъявительская тратта special-term ~ кредит на особых условиях stand-by ~ гарантийный кредит stand-by ~ договоренность о кредите stand-by ~ кредит, используемый при необходимости stand-by ~ резервный кредит supplier ~ кредит поставщику supplier's ~ кредит поставщика swing ~ кредит, используемый попеременно двумя компаниями одной группы swing ~ кредит, используемый попеременно двумя компаниями в двух формах swing ~ кредитная линия свинг tax ~ налоговая льгота tax ~ налоговая скидка tax ~ отсрочка уплаты налога term ~ срочный кредит tighten the ~ ужесточать условия кредита time ~ срочный кредит to the ~ of в кредит trade ~ коммерческий кредит trade ~ торговый кредит trade ~ фирменный кредит transmit ~ переводить кредит unconfirmed ~ неподтвержденный кредит unlimited ~ неограниченный кредит unsecured ~ бланковый кредит unsecured ~ необеспеченный кредит unusual ~ кредит, представленный на особых условиях utilize a ~ использовать кредит withhold ~ прекращать кредитование working ~ кредит для подкрепления оборотного капитала заемщика to your ~ в вашу пользу to your ~ в кредит вашего счета to your ~ на ваш счет

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > credit

  • 11 sustain

    transitive verb
    1) (withstand) widerstehen (+ Dat.) [Druck]; standhalten (+ Dat.) [Angriff]; tragen [Gewicht]
    2) (support, uphold) aufrechterhalten
    3) (suffer) erleiden [Niederlage, Verlust, Verletzung]
    4) (maintain) bestreiten [Unterhaltung]; bewahren [Interesse]
    * * *
    [sə'stein]
    1) (to bear (the weight of): The branches could hardly sustain the weight of the fruit.) tragen
    2) (to give help or strength to: The thought of seeing her again sustained him throughout his ordeal.) aufrecht halten
    * * *
    sus·tain
    [səˈsteɪn]
    vt
    1. ( form: suffer)
    to \sustain damages Schäden erleiden [o davontragen]; object beschädigt werden
    to \sustain injuries/losses Verletzungen/Verluste erleiden
    ▪ to \sustain sth etw aufrechterhalten
    the economy looks set to \sustain its growth next year es sieht so aus, als würde das Wirtschaftswachstum im nächsten Jahr anhalten
    3. (keep alive)
    ▪ to \sustain sb/sth jdn/etw [am Leben] erhalten
    to \sustain a family eine Familie unterhalten [o versorgen
    4. (support emotionally)
    ▪ to \sustain sb jdn unterstützen, jdm [unterstützend] helfen
    ▪ to \sustain sth etw zulassen
    objection \sustained! Einspruch stattgegeben!
    to \sustain a case against sb jdn anklagen
    6. MUS
    to \sustain a note eine Note halten
    ▪ to \sustain sth bei etw dat [Spannung f] aufrechterhalten
    * * *
    [sə'steɪn]
    vt
    1) (= support) load, weight aushalten, tragen; life erhalten; family unterhalten; charity unterstützen; (= nourish) body bei Kräften halten

    not enough to sustain life — nicht genug zum Leben

    his love has sustained her over the years — seine Liebe hat ihr über die Jahre hinweg viel Kraft gegeben

    2) (= keep going, maintain) pretence, argument, theory, effort, veto, interest, support aufrechterhalten; growth, position beibehalten; (MUS) note (aus)halten; (THEAT) accent, characterization durchhalten; (JUR) objection stattgeben (+dat)
    See:
    → also academic.ru/72485/sustained">sustained
    3) (= receive) injury, damage, loss erleiden
    * * *
    sustain [səˈsteın] v/t
    1. stützen, tragen:
    sustaining wall Stützmauer f
    2. Druck etc aushalten
    3. fig aushalten, ertragen:
    sustain comparison den Vergleich aushalten, einem Vergleich standhalten;
    sustain an attack einem Angriff standhalten;
    be able to sustain sth einer Sache gewachsen sein
    4. eine Niederlage, einen Verlust etc erleiden, Verletzungen etc auch davontragen
    5. etwas (aufrecht)erhalten, in Gang halten, das Interesse etc wachhalten:
    sustaining member förderndes Mitglied;
    sustaining program ( RADIO, TV) US ungesponsertes Programm
    6. a) jemanden erhalten, unterhalten, versorgen, eine Familie etc ernähren, eine Armee verpflegen
    b) jemanden betreuen
    c) eine Institution unterhalten
    7. jemanden aufrechterhalten, stärken, jemandem Kraft geben
    9. besonders JUR als rechtsgültig anerkennen, einem Antrag, Einwand, Klagebegehren etc stattgeben
    10. eine Theorie etc bestätigen, erhärten, rechtfertigen
    11. MUS einen Ton (aus)halten:
    sustaining pedal Fortepedal n, rechtes Pedal
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (withstand) widerstehen (+ Dat.) [Druck]; standhalten (+ Dat.) [Angriff]; tragen [Gewicht]
    2) (support, uphold) aufrechterhalten
    3) (suffer) erleiden [Niederlage, Verlust, Verletzung]
    4) (maintain) bestreiten [Unterhaltung]; bewahren [Interesse]
    * * *
    v.
    Kraft geben ausdr.
    aushalten v.
    erleiden v.
    ertragen v.
    standhalten v.
    stützen v.
    tragen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: trug, getragen)
    unterstützen v.

    English-german dictionary > sustain

  • 12 Глава 4. Клич охотника в бумажных джунглях

    ...А сверху в гамаке висит администратор,
    задумчиво сплетая пальцы ног.
    М. Щербаков
    Мы все время предупреждаем: изучайте наш предмет, но используйте приобретенные знания осторожно. В официальной обстановке можно сильно вляпаться. На работе, например, говорить так же свободно, как дома или в баре, не принято. Планка дозволенного там искусственно завышена. Называть вещи своими именами (а как тут не выругаешься!) нельзя. Отсюда проистекает целая система эвфемизмов, часто называемая офисным жаргоном.
    Отчасти те же корни - у жаргона политического, но там еще много всяких наслоений.
    Главная особенность официальной речи во всех странах состоит в том, что любую гадость называют вполне приличным словом, да еще и оптимистично звучащим. Бессмертный классик Джордж Оруэлл определил это абсолютно всем в англоязычном мире известным термином doublespeak (помните - "война - это мир", ит.п.). С другой стороны, некоторые совершенно нормальные слова недопустимы и являются офисными табу (прямо как у диких племен).
    Вот в качестве экзотического образца слова, которые не рекомендуется произносить, а тем более писать (слышали от эксперта, работающего неподалеку от места, где Милошевича судят - сказать точнее не имеем права): invalidity (несостоятельность); infringement of rights (нарушение прав); violates a patent (нарушение патента). Догадались почему? Это вам потом в случае суда по патентным делам легко могут припомнить. Мол, сам же говорил...
    Впрочем, пример не совсем чист: он связан не просто с официальной речью, а с юридическим английским. Это та еще песня, в любой стране. Поди разберись! Приводимый ниже отрывок объясняет, почему американцам приходится нанимать юристов для урегулирования, казалось бы, пустяковых дел. Создана ли эта запутанность юристами специально? Ответить не можем. Вот вам определение слова "задница" из настоящего подзаконного акта, запрещающего нудизм (anti-nudity ordinance) (Действует в районе Санкт-Августин (St. Augustin, Fla. County) во Флориде (источник — A. and T. Condon. Legal Lunacy. — Putnam, N.Y. 1992)):
    "Buttocks: The area to the rear of the human body (sometimes referred to as the gluteus maximus) which lies between two imaginary lines running parallel to the ground when a person is standing, the first or top of such line being one- half inch below the top of the vertical cleavage of the nates (i.e., the prominance formed by the muscles running from the back of the hip to the back of the leg) and the second or bottom line being one-half inch above the lowest point of the curvature of the fleshy protuberance (sometimes referred to as the gluteal fold), and between two imaginary lines, one on each side of the body (the `outside lines'), which outside lines are perpendicular to the ground and to the horizontal lines described above and which perpendicular outside lines pass through the outermost point(s) at which each nate meets the outer side of the leg...." Не напоминает некоторые справочники?
    В принципе, лексикон офисного сленга делится на две группы - buzzwords (клише) и слова, проходящие по ведомству PC (political correctness). Последние используют, чтобы застраховаться от судебных исков за воображаемые обиды на расовой, религиозной, половой, возрастной и какой угодно другой (лишь бы юрист пробивной попался) основе. В качестве незаменимого пособия рекомендуем (лучше в оригинале!) книги Скотта Адамса (Scott Adams) про Дилберта. Он, например, детально поясняет, почему надо говорить resources (ресурсы), когда вы ведете речь о болванах (dolts), составляющих ваш коллектив (team members). Или с какой целью произносится associate (партнер), когда вы имеете в виду неумеху (pud) и неудачника (loser), с которым приходится работать. Очень циничный автор, но его серии карикатур многие обитатели cubicles (офисных кабинок) держат у себя на стенах. Это - мелкая фронда, безопасная, так как ни один начальник не признает, что это именно его Адамс изобразил.
    Картинок из Адамса мы без его разрешения приводить не будем, но пример настенного офисного юмора дадим (см. рис. (Итак, американцы шутят. Думаете, это что? Поздравление с днем рождения от товарищей по работе. Типичный поздравительный плакат из тех, что вывешиваются в офисе. Шутить со смертью — старая европейская традиция, отсюда и колядки, и Хэллоуин)).
    Buzzwords не сложны, вот несколько типичных, которые вы легко переведете сами (так лучше запомнится!). Собрание обязано иметь mission или purpose. Руководство должно обеспечивать leadership и motivation. Служащим следует быть proactive. Везде надо искать synergy. Естественная речь и мотивировки выглядят unprofessional. Цель работника - career advancement. В коллективе требуется исполнять роль team player и стремиться вырасти до team leader. Teamwork - непременное требование к служащим. Business as usual - почему-то всегда плохо, даже если этот бизнес приносит хороший и постоянный доход. Никогда не позволяйте, чтобы на людях вырвалось простецкое duh! Если вы не понимаете, почему diversity - это всегда сама по себе ценность, вас надо послать на diversity sensitivity training. На работе вы осуществляете total quality management и reengineering, проявляя self-motivation. Вы регулярно составляете status reports. То, о чем вы, как и все, мечтаете - job security (но в природе этого не существует).
    Еще несколько полезных ходовых офисных слов переведем:
    family = team (семья = команда - так называют родной коллектив); stakeholders (акционеры); stewardship (обслуживание, в каком-то смысле даже служение); leverage (рычаг, средство для достижения цели); solutions (решения: "we sell solutions" означает примерно - мы продаем не сосискоделательную машину, а комплексное решение всех ваших сосисочных проблем); revisit (пересмотреть), 24/7 (круглосуточно, без остановки); benchmark (лучший образец в данной области; benchmarking - сравнение с этим образцом); result-driven (ориентированный на результат); empower (передать полномочия), mindset (отношение); ballpark (ориентировочный: ballpark figure - примерная цифра).
    В мире мудрых мыслей (Скотта Адамса):
    Уолли: Stupidity is like nuclear power; it can be used for good or evil. (Глупость - как ядерная энергия, ее можно употребить и в добро, и во зло.)
    Дилберт: And you don't want to get any on you. (И вам совсем не надо, чтобы ее на вас испытывали.)
    А вот примеры клишированных мотивационных фраз и лозунгов, заимствованных нами из реальной жизни (слышали их неоднократно). При этих звуках у нормального американского служащего сама собой немедленно складывается фига в кармане (это мы на русский с их языка жестов переводим, на самом деле американцы складывают "middle finger").
    • Work smarter, not harder (так они говорят, когда предлагается объем работы, который не то что за 8, а и за 10 часов не сделать).
    • It's a new paradigm (американские менеджеры любят слово "парадигма" особой любовью - они его новым смыслом наполнили, лучше всего определяемым словом bullshit).
    • It's an opportunity, not a problem (ну, уволили тебя - значит, открываются горизонты новой карьеры, например, в Макдоналдсе).
    • You're a valued member of the team! (Ну, да...).
    • Nobody can do the things you can do! (Кто же, если не ты...).
    • You are helping make the world a better place! (Поэтому торг о зарплате здесь неуместен).
    • We are in a competitive business. (Так что затяните пояса и не нойте).
    • We make a difference! (Страшно распространенное выражение. Почему-то всегда подразумевается, что все изменения к лучшему. Нас всегда подмывает при виде этой фразы подрисовать физиономию аятоллы Хомейни).
    Усвоив и осмыслив приведенные выше выражения, вы сможете легко составлять собственные девизы. Вот, для примера, наш лозунг для американского офиса: Our mission is unprofessional proactive synergy! (В переводе на неофисный русский: "Сговоримся и подсидим коллегу!")
    Коротенький комментарий, связанный с переменами, синергизмом и названиями компаний.
    В мире мудрых мыслей (Скотта Адамса):
    Когда компании сливаются, они всегда заявляют о гигантском синергизме (leveraging synergy), причем взаимоусиление достигается всегда одним путем - массовыми увольнениями. Вот примеры возможных слияний, с соответствующим синергическим изменением профиля и названий:
    ◦ Coca-Cola (напитки) + Head (спортивные товары) = Coke Head.
    ◦ Bayer (аспирин) + AST (компьютеры) = Bayer AST.
    ◦ Hertz (прокат машин) + A.B.Dick (оборудование офисов) = Hertz Dick.
    Переведите сами, используя наш словарь, какой смысл, на слух, имеют "синергические" названия.
    Шутка, но так и на практике бывает. Вот в Сиэтле давным-давно слились газеты "Seattle Post" и "Seattle Intelligencer". И знаете, как сейчас называется их главная городская газета? "Seattle Post-Inteligencer", что звучит как "Сиэтл после разума", выживший из ума, значит. Но настолько примелькалось, что не замечается.
    Еще несколько примеров штампованных офисных фраз. Больше половины - из свежей коллекции Кена Патрика (Ken Patrick). Он назвал это "Biz-Speak 101", то есть начальный курс деловой речи. Эти выражения сейчас в ходу ВСЕ. Не будем навязывать своих циничных комментариев. Да, bullshit. Нужно просто выучить и пользоваться.
    • World class (мирового уровня).
    • Think outside the box; Push the envelope (призыв к оригинальному мышлению).
    • Hands-on (непосредственно вовлеченный в дело).
    • Paradigm shift (смена критериев, приоритетов).
    • State of the art (современного уровня).
    • Real world solution (реальное решение).
    • Win-win situation (все в выигрыше).
    • (The ball is) In your court (ваша очередь).
    • Going forward (в будущем).
    • Strategic alliance (стратегический союз - например, меча и орала - тьфу, сорвалась рука, обещали же не острить).
    • Bricks and mortar (производящие, промышленные компании - в отличие от интернетных, которые после массового краха прозвали internet bubbles - интернетные пузыри).
    • Value-added (добавочная ценность продукта).
    • Step up to the plate (начать работать над чем-то).
    • Run up to the pole (попробовать).
    • Get to the bottom line (деньги, стоимость чего-то).
    • Stop the bleeding (сокращать расходы).
    • On the bubble (что-то нехорошее происходит, например, с компанией, "жареным запахло").
    • Best and brightest (лучшие служащие).
    • Exceeding customer expectation (больше, чем ждет потребитель).
    • On the same page (все друг друга понимают).
    • Strategic fit (важное дополнение).
    • Core competencies (основная область деятельности компании).
    • Best practice (соответствует лучшим стандартам).
    • Out of the loop (не в курсе).
    • Fast track (скоростное продвижение).
    • Knowledge base (базирующийся на современной технологии).
    • In the end of the day (в конце концов).
    • Touch base (обсудить).
    • Client focused (ориентированный на потребителя).
    • Game plan (стратегия).
    А теперь - самостоятельные упражнения.
    1. Переведите на нормальный язык: "Going forward, let's think outside the box and run it up the pole".
    2. Определите, к какому из вышеприведенных выражений подходит используемый тем же К. Патриком термин brownnosers (последнее слово есть в нашем словаре).
    Официальный сленг и административные клише хорошо освоены сметливыми проходимцами, которые, естественно, стараются, чтобы их пирамиды выглядели так же солидно, как пирамида Хеопса. Сколько приходит по почте мусора (junk mail), похожего на вид на официальные документы! Дело дошло до того, что Почтовое ведомство США (U.S.Postal Service) издало специальную памятку со списком слов-приманок (buzz phrases), характерных для жуликов, заманивающих свои жертвы (suckers) через газетные объявления и по почте.
    • Anybody can do it (это может каждый).
    • Quick and easy (быстро и легко).
    • Big, fast profits (большая, быстрая прибыль).
    • No experience needed (опыта не требуется).
    • Work in the comfort of your home (работа с комфортом у себя дома).
    • Work in your spare time (работа в свободное время).
    • No risk (никакого риска).
    • Fill a great demand (соответствует большому спросу).
    • Nothing illegal (ничего противозаконного).
    • Secret plan for success (секретный план успеха).
    • Tested in Europe (испытано в Европе).
    • Developed after years of secret research (создано в результате многолетних секретных исследований).
    • Proven to provide immediate positive results (проверенный способ получения немедленного положительного результата).
    Теперь вы официально предупреждены: если видите подобную фразу - весьма вероятно, что вас хотят надуть. Отечественные "бизнесмены" все это перенимают в последние годы очень быстро, и со многими обсуждаемыми терминами наш читатель наверняка уже встречался.
    Реальный пример американского почтового жульничества представлен на рис. ("Витамин О", отсутствующий в природе (но не все покупатели об этом знают)). Рекламируемый "Витамин О" (проверьте - такого нет ни в одном медицинском справочнике) - всего-навсего разбавленная перекись водорода (по $25 за маленькую бутылочку!).
    PC-терминология связана с борьбой политических лоббистов, и приоритеты там часто меняются. В принципе, стандартного английского, в плане чисто языковом, чтобы никого не обидеть вам хватит. Думается, сейчас русскому читателю уже не требуется объяснять, что надо говорить African-American и Chairperson. В этом плане вам всегда сделают скидку как приезжему. Вас ведь тоже будут бояться обидеть. Проблема скорее может быть в другом - в характерном для жителей России восприятии действительности, в системе ценностей, которая в цивилизованной части англоязычного мира несколько иная. То, что у нас нормально и даже смешно, там зачастую оскорбление. И наоборот (см. рис. (Итак, американцы шутят. Думаете, это что? Поздравление с днем рождения от товарищей по работе. Типичный поздравительный плакат из тех, что вывешиваются в офисе. Шутить со смертью — старая европейская традиция, отсюда и колядки, и Хэллоуин)). Но это не тема для книги про язык. Обещаем - мы еще напишем другую, под названием "Политическая проституция. Учебное пособие с упражнениями". А пока дадим лишь несколько примеров распространенных PC-выражений. Многие из них сейчас и на русском очень узнаваемы (прямое, неполиткорректное значение дано в скобках).
    • Pregnancy termination - прерывание беременности (аборт).
    • Non-discriminating sexual orientation - недифференцированной сексуальной ориентации (бисексуал).
    • Affirmative action - позитивные защитные действия (расовые квоты).
    • Native American - урожденный американец (индеец).
    • Conscientious objector - возражающий против призыва по соображениям совести (дезертир).
    • Pro-choice - за выбор (сторонник абортов).
    • Pro-life - за жизнь (противник абортов).
    • African-American - афро-американец (негр). От места рождения не зависит. Например, среди наших хороших знакомых есть афро-американцы - уроженцы Теннеси, Тринидада и Голландии, а вот уроженец Уганды, коричневый беженец времен Иди Амина, в эту категорию не попадет.
    • Caucasian - представитель европейской расы (белый). Да, в Америке и мы с вами называемся кавказцами и рассматриваемся как потомки рабовладельцев, в качестве которых всем должны. Насчет нашего происхождения из крепостных крестьян там не знают, а объясняешь - не верят.
    • Non-traditional partners (sexual orientation) - нетрадиционные партнерство, сексуальная ориентация (геи и лесбиянки).
    • Secular humanist - нерелигиозный гуманист (атеист).
    • Family Planning Center - центр планирования семьи (абортарий).
    • Political Action Committee - комитет политического содействия (группа лоббистов).
    • Challenged - имеющий проблемы (инвалид). Относится к любому физическому отклонению: mentally challenged - придурки, vertically challenged - коротышки ит.п.
    • Minorities - меньшинства (не белые). От фактической численности не зависит: 38 миллионов латиносов в Америке тоже minorities.
    • Afrocentrist - афроцентрист (черный расист).
    • Dead white men - мертвые белые мужчины (белые расисты/сексисты - классики). Подразумевается, что, скажем, Шекспир сознательно принижал женщин - в лице Дездемоны и негров - в лице Отелло.
    • Animal rights movement - движение за права животных (нео-луддиты - экстремисты, пытающиеся остановить развитие биотехнологии и медицинских исследований. Это они под покровом ночи лабораторных крыс освобождают).
    • Multi-culturalism - мультикультурализм (идея, что культуры всех народов абсолютно равны и должны быть представлены в учебных программах в равной пропорции, скажем, столько же французской, сколько монгольской).
    • Sexism - сексизм (половая дискриминация). В этом нехорошем деле замешаны все мужчины, проявляющие любым образом отношение к женщине как женщине. Да и все женщины, относящиеся к мужчинам иначе, чем к своим подружкам, - тоже сексистки.
    • Ageism - агеизм (дискриминация по возрасту). Сюда относят любые замечания насчет старших.
    • Eurocentrism - евроцентризм. Предпочтение европейской цивилизации (культуры, демократии, ит.д.). Воспринимается как тяжелая болезнь.
    • Lookism - любые суждения о внешнем виде человека (обругать - дискриминация, похвалить - сексизм). До нас термин "смотризм" пока не дошел.
    • Senior Citizens - старшие граждане (старичье, пенсионеры).
    • Compassionate Conservatives - мягкосердечные консерваторы (реакционеры). Просто PR-специалисты для старых злобных реакционеров новую упаковку изготовили.
    РС - предмет постоянных насмешек американских сатириков, да и не сатириков тоже. И впрямь, богатейшее ведь поле. Довольно распространенная шутка - переписывать классические истории и песенки в политически корректном и актуальном духе. Приведем типичный образец - он простой, переведите сами как упражнение. Справа - оригинал, всем с детства известный стишок из классического собрания "Матушки Гусыни". Подчеркнуты слова, которые стоит запомнить.
    (таблица №1)
    Еще образчик американского самоприкола по поводу PC мы нашли на сувенирных магнитиках. Вы уже знаете про связь мата и юмора, так вот, там дан "перевод" фраз с сугубо официального языка на совершенно матерный. На кухонный холодильник такое повесить можно - но не в офис. Вот несколько примеров (на русский переводим не дословно, это вы сами легко сделаете, используя наш словарь, а подходяще по экспрессии и колориту).
    (таблица №2)
    В заключение - несколько слов о специфическом партийном языке. У маргинальных политических групп он весьма оригинален. В поддержку русских коммунистов-интернационалистов (и для развлечения остальных читателей) приведем здесь подлинные левые американские мысли. Даем без комментариев и перевода цитату из "Словаря Анархиста" - брошюрки без выходных данных, подобранной нами в одном из троцкистских центров Канады. (Внимание! Опечаток тут нет, так писать у них принято, с ККК внутри и сша строчными буквами.)
    "Black": a political designation to refer not only to Afro-Amerikkkans, but, to people of color who are engaged in revolutionary struggle in the u.s. and all over the world. It should not be taken to mean the domination of Afro-Amerikkkans or the exclusion of other people of color from black revolutionary organizations.
    Black Collaborator: those few blacks brought into the capitalist system at all levels, including such high levels as black capitalist, project directors, administrators, etc., who have enough of a stake in the operation of the system to cooperate in pacification programs against their black brothers and sisters. The "House Niggers".
    Black Panther Party: an above ground community based armed self-defense organization whose job it was to defend the community by force of arms in "legal" posture and mode, unlike the clandestine Black Liberation Army. The Black Panther Party also served the community through community based survival programs such as free breakfast for children, free health care, liberation schools for political education, etc.
    Black Revolutionary Power: the taking of state power by black amerikkkans (Afro-Amerikkkans) in order to revolutionize the entire country on the basis of their enriched concept of man/woman.
    Bourgeoisie: the rich and the super rich. The ruling elite who own and manage the means of production, ex: Rockefeller, Mellon, Dupont, etc. They are the real rulers in a capitalist society who dictate and has everyone else eitherworking for them to maintain status-quo, or those who may slave for them in order to survive."
    Мы дали здесь лишь краткое представление об офисном сленге и терминологии администраторов, юристов, мошенников и политиков (как вам компания?). Хотите стать Большим администратором (юристом ит.д.) - изучайте это дело подробнее.

    American slang. English-Russian dictionary > Глава 4. Клич охотника в бумажных джунглях

  • 13 Soares, Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes

    (1924-)
       Lawyer, staunch oppositionist to the Estado Novo, a founder of Portugal's Socialist Party (PS), key leader of post-1974 democratic Portugal, and twice-elected president of the republic (1986-91; 1991-96). Mário Soares was born on 7 December 1924, in Lisbon, the son of an educator and former cabinet officer of the ill-fated First Republic. An outstanding student, Soares received a degree in history and philosophy from the University of Lisbon (1951) and his law degree from the same institution (1957). A teacher and a lawyer, the young Soares soon became active in various organizations that opposed the Estado Novo, starting in his student days and continuing into his association with the PS. He worked with the organizations of several oppositionist candidates for the presidency of the republic in 1949 and 1958 and, as a lawyer, defended a number of political figures against government prosecution in court. Soares was the family attorney for the family of General Humberto Delgado, murdered on the Spanish frontier by the regime's political police in 1965. Soares was signatory and editor of the "Program for the Democratization of the Republic" in 1961, and, in 1968, he was deported by the regime to São Tomé, one of Portugal's African colonies.
       In 1969, following the brief liberalization under the new prime minister Marcello Caetano, Soares returned from exile in Africa and participated as a member of the opposition in general elections for the National Assembly. Although harassed by the PIDE, he was courageous in attacking the government and its colonial policies in Africa. After the rigged election results were known, and no oppositionist deputy won a seat despite the Caetano "opening," Soares left for exile in France. From 1969 to 1974, he resided in France, consulted with other political exiles, and taught at a university. In 1973, at a meeting in West Germany, Soares participated in the (re)founding of the (Portuguese) Socialist Party.
       The exciting, unexpected news of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 reached Soares in France, and soon he was aboard a train bound for Lisbon, where he was to play a major role in the difficult period of revolutionary politics (1974-75). During a most critical phase, the "hot summer" of 1975, when a civil war seemed in the offing, Soares's efforts to steer Portugal away from a communist dictatorship and sustained civil strife were courageous and effective. He found allies in the moderate military and large sectors of the population. After the abortive leftist coup of 25 November 1975, Soares played an equally vital role in assisting the stabilization of a pluralist democracy.
       Prime minister on several occasions during the era of postrevolu-tionary adjustment (1976-85), Soares continued his role as the respected leader of the PS. Following 11 hectic years of the Lusitanian political hurly-burly, Soares was eager for a change and some rest. Prepared to give up leadership of the factious PS and become a senior statesman in the new Portugal, Mário Soares ran for the presidency of the republic. After serving twice as elected president of the republic, he established the Mário Soares Foundation, Lisbon, and was elected to the European Parliament.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Soares, Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes

  • 14 public

    (of, for, or concerning, the people (of a community or nation) in general: a public library; a public meeting; Public opinion turned against him; The public announcements are on the back page of the newspaper; This information should be made public and not kept secret any longer.) público
    - publicity
    - publicize
    - publicise
    - public holiday
    - public house
    - public relations
    - public service announcement
    - public spirit
    - public-spirited
    - public transport
    - in public
    - the public
    - public opinion poll
    public1 adj público
    public2 n público
    tr['pʌblɪk]
    1 público,-a
    1 el público
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in public en público
    to be in the public eye ser objeto de interés público
    to be public knowledge ser del dominio público
    to go public SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL salir a bolsa
    to make public hacer público,-a
    public company empresa pública, sociedad nombre femenino anónima
    public holiday fiesta nacional
    public opinion opinión nombre femenino pública
    public school SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL colegio privado 2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL colegio público
    public speaker orador,-ra
    public speaking oratoria
    public transport transporte nombre masculino público
    public utility servicio público
    public ['pʌblɪk] adj
    : público
    ♦ publicly adv
    : público m
    adj.
    • paladino, -a adj.
    • placero, -a adj.
    • público, -a adj.
    n.
    • público s.m.

    I 'pʌblɪk
    a) ( of people) público

    it wouldn't be in the public interest — no beneficiaría a la ciudadanía; eye I 1) c)

    b) ( concerning the state) público

    public body — organismo m estatal or público

    public works — obras fpl públicas

    c) <library/garden/footpath> público
    d) (open, not concealed) <announcement/protest> público

    a well-known public figure — un personaje conocido, una persona muy conocida

    to make something public — hacer* algo público

    to go public — (journ) revelar algo a la prensa

    e)

    to go public — \<\<company\>\> salir* a bolsa


    II
    noun (+ sing or pl vb)
    b) c ( audience) público m
    c)
    ['pʌblɪk]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=of the State) público

    • they can hire expensive lawyers at public expense — pueden contratar abogados caros a costa de los contribuyentes

    • to run for/hold public office — presentarse como candidato a/ostentar un cargo público

    • the public purse — el erario público

    2) (=of, for, by everyone) público

    • they want to deflect public attention from the real issues — quieren desviar la opinión pública de los verdaderos problemas

    • to be in the public eye — ser objeto del interés público

    • I have decided to resign in the public interest — en el interés de los ciudadanos, he decidido dimitir

    3) (=open, not private) [statement, meeting] público; [appearance] en público

    it's too public here — aquí estamos demasiado expuestos al público, aquí no tenemos intimidad

    can we talk somewhere less public? — ¿podemos hablar en algún sitio más privado or menos expuesto al público?

    • to become public — [news, fact] hacerse público

    • to be in the public domain — (=not secret) ser de dominio público

    • to go public — (Comm) empezar a cotizar en bolsa

    • to retire from public life — retirarse de la vida pública

    • to make sth public — hacer público algo, publicar algo

    4) (=well-known)
    2. N
    1) (=people)

    • the general public — el gran público

    • a member of the public — un ciudadano

    2) (=open place)
    3) (=devotees) público m

    • the reading/ sporting public — los aficionados a la lectura/al deporte

    • the viewing public — los telespectadores

    3.
    CPD

    public access television N — (US) televisión abierta al público

    public address system N — (sistema m de) megafonía f, altavoces mpl, altoparlantes mpl (LAm)

    public affairs NPL — actividades fpl públicas

    public assistance N — (US) asistencia f pública

    public bar N — bar m

    public body N — organismo m público

    public company N — empresa f pública

    public convenience N — (Brit) frm servicios mpl, aseos mpl públicos

    public debt N — deuda f pública, deuda f del Estado

    public defender N — (US) defensor(a) m / f de oficio

    public enemy N — enemigo m público

    - be Public Enemy No 1 or number one

    public enquiry N (Brit) — = public inquiry

    public expenditure N — gasto m (del sector) público

    public gallery N — (in parliament, courtroom) tribuna f reservada al público

    public health N — salud f pública, sanidad f pública

    public health inspector N — inspector(a) m / f de salud or sanidad pública

    Public Health Service N — (US) ≈ Seguridad f Social, servicio público de asistencia sanitaria

    public holiday N — fiesta f nacional, fiesta f oficial, (día m) feriado m (LAm)

    public house N — (Brit) frm bar m

    public housing N — (US) viviendas mpl de protección oficial

    public housing project N — (US) proyecto f de viviendas de protección oficial

    public lavatory N — aseos mpl públicos

    public law N — (=discipline, body of legislation) derecho m público; (US) (=piece of legislation) ley f pública

    public library N — biblioteca f pública

    public money N — fondos mpl públicos

    public nuisance N — (Jur) molestia f pública

    public opinion N — opinión f pública

    public opinion poll N — sondeo m (de la opinión pública)

    • to be taken into public ownership — pasar a ser propiedad del estado

    public property N — (=land, buildings) dominio m público

    (fig)
    See:

    Public Record Office N — (Brit) archivo m nacional

    public relations NPL — relaciones fpl públicas

    public relations officer N — encargado(-a) m / f de relaciones públicas

    public school N — (Brit) colegio m privado; (=boarding school) internado m privado; (US) escuela f pública

    60,000 public-sector jobs must be cut — se deben eliminar 60.000 puestos de funcionario, se deben eliminar 60.000 puestos en el sector público

    public sector borrowing requirement N — necesidades fpl de endeudamiento del sector público

    public service N — (=Civil Service) administración f pública; (usu pl) (=community facility) servicio m público

    public service announcement — comunicado m de interés público

    public service jobs — puestos mpl de funcionario or en el sector público

    public service vehicle — vehículo m de servicio público

    public service broadcasting N — servicio m público de radio y televisión

    she is a good public speaker — habla muy bien en público, es una buena oradora

    public spending N — gasto m (del sector) público

    public television N — (US) cadenas fpl públicas (de televisión)

    public transport, public transportation (US) N — transporte(s) m(pl) público(s)

    public utility N — empresa f del servicio público

    public works NPL — obras fpl públicas

    PUBLIC ACCESS TELEVISION En Estados Unidos, el término Public Access Television hace referencia a una serie de cadenas no comerciales de televisión por cable que emiten programas de ámbito local o programas dedicados a organizaciones humanitarias sin ánimo de lucro. Entre sus emisiones se incluyen charlas sobre actividades escolares, programas sobre aficiones diversas e incluso discursos de organizaciones racistas. Estas emisiones de acceso público se crearon para dar cabida a temas de interés local e impedir que los canales por cable estuvieran dominados por unos cuantos privilegiados. En virtud de la Ley de Emisiones por Cable, el Cable Act de 1984, cualquier población en que haya algún canal por cable puede obligar a los propietarios de dicho canal a que instalen una cadena adicional de acceso público y provean el equipo, el estudio, los medios técnicos y el personal necesarios para la emisión.
    * * *

    I ['pʌblɪk]
    a) ( of people) público

    it wouldn't be in the public interest — no beneficiaría a la ciudadanía; eye I 1) c)

    b) ( concerning the state) público

    public body — organismo m estatal or público

    public works — obras fpl públicas

    c) <library/garden/footpath> público
    d) (open, not concealed) <announcement/protest> público

    a well-known public figure — un personaje conocido, una persona muy conocida

    to make something public — hacer* algo público

    to go public — (journ) revelar algo a la prensa

    e)

    to go public — \<\<company\>\> salir* a bolsa


    II
    noun (+ sing or pl vb)
    b) c ( audience) público m
    c)

    English-spanish dictionary > public

  • 15 bar

    1. noun
    1) (long piece of rigid material) Stange, die; (shorter, thinner also) Stab, der; (of gold, silver) Barren, der

    a bar of chocolate — ein Riegel Schokolade; (slab) eine Tafel Schokolade

    2) (Sport) Stab, der; (crossbar) [Sprung]latte, die

    parallel bars — Barren, der

    high or horizontal bar — Reck, das

    3) (heating element) Heizelement, das (Elektrot.)
    4) (band) Streifen, der; (on medal) silberner Querstreifen
    5) (rod, pole) Stange, die; (of cage, prison) Gitterstab, der

    behind bars — (in prison) hinter Gittern; (into prison) hinter Gitter

    6) (barrier, lit. or fig.) Barriere, die (to für)

    a bar on recruitment/promotion — ein Einstellungs-/Beförderungsstopp

    7) (for refreshment) Bar, die; (counter) Theke, die
    8) (Law): (place at which prisoner stands) ≈ Anklagebank, die

    the prisoner at the bar — der/die Angeklagte

    9) (Law): (particular court) Gerichtshof, der

    be called to the bar — als Anwalt vor höheren Gerichten zugelassen werden

    the Bar — die höhere Anwaltschaft

    10) (Mus.) Takt, der
    11) (sandbank, shoal) Barre, die; Sandbank, die
    2. transitive verb,
    - rr-
    1) (fasten) verriegeln
    2) (obstruct) sperren [Straße, Weg] (to für)

    bar somebody's way — jemandem den Weg versperren

    3) (prohibit, hinder) verbieten

    bar somebody from doing something — jemanden daran hindern, etwas zu tun

    3. preposition
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (a rod or oblong piece (especially of a solid substance): a gold bar; a bar of chocolate; iron bars on the windows.) der Barren, die Stange
    2) (a broad line or band: The blue material had bars of red running through it.) der Strich
    3) (a bolt: a bar on the door.) der Riegel
    4) (a counter at which or across which articles of a particular kind are sold: a snack bar; Your whisky is on the bar.) die Bar
    5) (a public house.) das Gericht
    6) (a measured division in music: Sing the first ten bars.) der Takt
    7) (something which prevents (something): His carelessness is a bar to his promotion.) das Hindernis
    8) (the rail at which the prisoner stands in court: The prisoner at the bar collapsed when he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.) Schranke vor der Richterbank
    2. verb
    1) (to fasten with a bar: Bar the door.) verriegeln
    2) (to prevent from entering: He's been barred from the club.) ausschließen
    3) (to prevent (from doing something): My lack of money bars me from going on holiday.) hindern
    3. preposition
    (except: All bar one of the family had measles.) außer
    - academic.ru/5530/barmaid">barmaid
    - barman
    - bar code
    * * *
    [bɑ:ʳ, AM bɑ:r]
    n LAW
    ▪ the \Bar
    1. BRIT, AUS (in higher courts) die höhere Anwaltschaft
    to be called to the \Bar als Anwalt/Anwältin vor höheren Gerichten zugelassen werden
    2. (ruling body) die Anwaltschaft
    the Bench and the \Bar Richter und Anwälte
    the \Bar Council BRIT Anwaltskammer f
    the [American] \Bar Association die US-Bundesanwaltskammer
    to be admitted to the \Bar AM als Anwalt/Anwältin [vor Gericht] zugelassen werden
    to read for the \Bar BRIT Jura studieren [um Anwalt zu werden]
    * * *
    I [bAː(r)]
    1. n
    1) (of metal, wood) Stange f; (of toffee etc) Riegel m; (of electric fire) Element nt

    a two-bar electric fire — ein Heizgerät nt mit zwei Heizstäben

    2) (of window, grate, cage) (Gitter)stab m; (of door) Stange f
    3) (SPORT) (horizontal) Reck nt; (for high jump etc) Latte f; (= one of parallel bars) Holm m

    bars pl (parallel) — Barren m

    (wall) bars — Sprossenwand f

    to exercise on the bars — am Barren turnen

    4) (BALLET) Stange f

    at the bar — an der Stange

    5) (COMPUT) Leiste f
    6) (fig: obstacle) Hindernis nt (to für), Hemmnis nt (to für)

    to be a bar to sth — einer Sache (dat) im Wege stehen

    7) (of colour) Streifen m; (of light) Strahl m, Streifen m
    8) (JUR)

    to read for the Bar —

    at the bar of public opinion (fig) — vor dem Forum der Öffentlichkeit

    9) (for prisoners) Anklagebank f

    prisoner at the bar — "Angeklagter!"

    10) (for drinks) Lokal nt; (esp expensive) Bar f; (part of pub) Gaststube f; (= counter) Theke f, Tresen m; (at railway station) Ausschank m

    we're going to the bars ( US inf ) — wir machen eine Kneipentour, wir machen die Kneipen unsicher (inf)

    11) (MUS) Takt m; (= bar line) Taktstrich m
    12) (Brit

    on medal) DSO and bar — zweimal verliehener DSO

    13) (HER) Balken m
    14) (MET) Bar nt
    15) (in river, harbour) Barre f
    2. vt
    1) (= obstruct) road blockieren, versperren

    to bar sb's way — jdm den Weg versperren or verstellen

    to bar the way to progress — dem Fortschritt im Wege stehen

    2) (= fasten) window, door versperren
    3) (= exclude, prohibit) person, possibility ausschließen; action, thing untersagen, verbieten

    to bar sb from a competition — jdn von (der Teilnahme an) einem Wettbewerb ausschließen

    II
    prep

    bar none — ohne Ausnahme, ausnahmslos

    * * *
    bar [bɑː(r)]
    A s
    1. Stange f, Stab m:
    bars pl Gitter n;
    behind bars fig hinter Gittern, hinter Schloss und Riegel;
    put behind bars fig hinter Schloss und Riegel bringen
    2. Riegel m, Querbalken m, -holz n, -stange f
    3. Schranke f, Barriere f, Sperre f:
    the bar (of the House) PARL Br die Schranke (im Ober- od Unterhaus, bis zu der geladene Zeugen vortreten dürfen)
    4. fig (to) Hindernis n (für), Schranke f (gegen):
    be a bar to progress dem Fortschritt im Wege stehen;
    let down the bars alle (besonders moralischen) Beschränkungen fallen lassen, US die polizeiliche Überwachung (besonders des Nachtlebens) lockern
    5. Riegel m, Stange f:
    a bar of soap ein Riegel oder Stück Seife;
    a bar of chocolate, a chocolate bar ein Riegel (weitS. eine Tafel) Schokolade;
    bar copper Stangenkupfer n;
    bar soap Stangenseife f
    6. Brechstange f
    7. WIRTSCH, TECH (Gold- etc) Barren m
    8. TECH
    a) allg Schiene f
    b) Zugwaage f (am Wagen)
    c) Maschinenbau: Leitschiene f oder -stange f
    d) Schieber m, Schubriegel m
    e) Lamelle f
    9. Barren m, Stange f (als Maßeinheit)
    10. Band n, Streifen m, Strahl m (von Farbe, Licht etc):
    a bar of sunlight ein Sonnenstrahl
    11. SCHIFF Barre f, Sandbank f (am Hafeneingang)
    12. a) (dicker) Strich:
    b) Heraldik: (horizontaler) Balken
    c) TV Balken m (auf dem Bildschirm)
    d) COMPUT Leiste f
    13. MUS
    a) Taktstrich m
    b) (ein) Takt m:
    bar rest (Ganz)Taktpause f
    14. a) Bar f
    b) Bar f, Schanktisch m, Theke f
    c) Schankraum m
    d) Lokal n, Imbissstube f
    15. JUR
    a) Hindernis n (to für), Ausschließungsgrund m
    b) Einrede f:
    defence (US defense) in bar perem(p)torische Einrede;
    bar to marriage Ehehindernis;
    as a bar to, in bar of etwas ausschließend, zwecks Ausschlusses (gen)
    16. JUR (Gerichts)Schranke f:
    at the bar vor Gericht;
    case at bar US zur Verhandlung stehender Fall;
    prisoner at the bar Angeklagte(r) m/f(m)
    17. JUR (das tagende) Gericht
    18. fig Gericht n, Tribunal n, Schranke f:
    at the bar of public opinion vor den Schranken oder vor dem Tribunal der öffentlichen Meinung
    19. Bar JUR
    a) Anwaltsberuf m,
    b) (auch als pl konstruiert) (die gesamte) Anwaltschaft, Br (der) Stand der barristers:
    admission (Br call[ing]) the Bar Zulassung f als Anwalt (Br barrister);
    be admitted (Br called) to the Bar als Anwalt (Br barrister) zugelassen werden;
    be called within the Bar Br zum King’s ( oder Queen’s) Counsel ernannt werden;
    read for the Bar Br Jura studieren;
    Bar Association US (Rechts-)Anwaltskammer f;
    Bar Council Br Standesrat m der barristers
    20. PHYS Bar n (Maßeinheit des Drucks)
    21. a) Schaumstange f (eines Stangengebisses)
    b) Träger pl (Teile des Pferdegaumens)
    c) pl Sattelbäume pl, Stege pl
    22. (Quer)Band n (an einer Medaille), (Ordens) Spange f
    23. SPORT
    a) (Reck) Stange f
    b) (Barren) Holm m
    c) (Tor-, Quer) Latte f
    d) (Sprung) Latte f
    B v/t
    1. zu-, verriegeln: → barred
    2. auch bar up vergittern, mit Schranken umgeben
    3. auch bar in einsperren:
    bar out aussperren
    4. den Weg etc versperren
    5. JUR eine Klage, den Rechtsweg etc ausschließen
    6. a) (ver)hindern, hemmen
    b) (from) hindern (an dat), abhalten (von)
    c) jemanden oder etwas ausschließen ( from aus)
    d) jemandem Haus- oder Lokalverbot erteilen:
    he’s been barred from there er hat dort Lokalverbot; → barring
    7. verbieten, untersagen: → hold2 A 3
    8. mit Streifen versehen
    9. MUS mit Taktstrichen unterteilen, in Takte einteilen
    C präp außer, ausgenommen, abgesehen von:
    bar one außer einem;
    bar none ohne Einschränkung
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (long piece of rigid material) Stange, die; (shorter, thinner also) Stab, der; (of gold, silver) Barren, der

    a bar of chocolate — ein Riegel Schokolade; (slab) eine Tafel Schokolade

    2) (Sport) Stab, der; (crossbar) [Sprung]latte, die

    parallel bars — Barren, der

    high or horizontal bar — Reck, das

    3) (heating element) Heizelement, das (Elektrot.)
    4) (band) Streifen, der; (on medal) silberner Querstreifen
    5) (rod, pole) Stange, die; (of cage, prison) Gitterstab, der

    behind bars — (in prison) hinter Gittern; (into prison) hinter Gitter

    6) (barrier, lit. or fig.) Barriere, die (to für)

    a bar on recruitment/promotion — ein Einstellungs-/Beförderungsstopp

    7) (for refreshment) Bar, die; (counter) Theke, die
    8) (Law): (place at which prisoner stands) ≈ Anklagebank, die

    the prisoner at the bar — der/die Angeklagte

    9) (Law): (particular court) Gerichtshof, der
    10) (Mus.) Takt, der
    11) (sandbank, shoal) Barre, die; Sandbank, die
    2. transitive verb,
    - rr-
    1) (fasten) verriegeln
    2) (obstruct) sperren [Straße, Weg] (to für)
    3) (prohibit, hinder) verbieten

    bar somebody from doing something — jemanden daran hindern, etwas zu tun

    3. preposition
    * * *
    (drinking) n.
    Lokal -e n. (drinks serving counter) n.
    Theke -n f.
    Tresen - n. (legal profession) n.
    Anwaltschaft f. (line) n.
    Strich -e m. (metal) n.
    Stange -n f. (music) n.
    Takt -e (Musik) m. n.
    Bar -s f.
    Barren - m.
    Gaststätte f.
    Kneipe -n f.
    Riegel - m.
    Schanklokal n.
    Schankwirtschaft f.

    English-german dictionary > bar

  • 16 Singular

    ↑ Number
    В английском языке в единственном числе существительное не имеет никаких специальных показателей.
    1) Некоторые существительные, формально имеющие форму множественного числа, могут обозначать единичный или неисчисляемый объект, и в этом случае согласуются с глаголом и другими зависимыми словами в единственном числе. К таким словам относятся:
    а) barracks, crossroads, headquarters, means, news, oats, series, species, works

    I had never seen one like it before, the species was new to me. — Я никогда не видел подобного существа, этот вид был для меня новым.

    An empty wooden barracks was converted into an exhibition hall. — Пустой деревянный барак переделали в выставочный зал.

    The two barracks house about 1,000 regulars. — В этих двух бараках расквартировано около тысячи солдат регулярной армии.

    Bad news has arrived in the mail. — Одно из писем принесло дурную весть.

    б) слова, оканчивающиеся на - ics, например mathematics, politics

    Gymnastics is my favourite sport. — Гимнастика - это мой любимый вид спорта.

    в) названия некоторых игр: billiards, darts, dominoes.
    г) названия некоторых заболеваний: measles, mumps, shingles.
    2) В большинстве случаев, названия государств и организаций, представляющие собой формы множественного числа, согласуются с глаголами и другими зависимыми словами в единственном числе:

    The United States is anxious to improve its image in Latin America. — Соединенные Штаты стремятся улучшить свой имидж в Латинской Америке.

    The Netherlands is a member of the European Union. — Нидерланды - член Европейского Союза.

    3) В британском варианте английского языка собирательные существительные, т.е. слова, обозначающие группу лиц, множество предметов и т.п. (например: family, team, government, variety, number и т.д.), могут согласоваться с глаголом и другими зависимыми словами как в единственном, так и во множественном числе. Существительное police согласуется со сказуемым и зависимыми словами во множественном числе.

    The police have dropped charges against them. — Полиция сняла с них обвинения.

    The government want / wants to raise taxes. — Правительство хочет поднять налоги.

    Our team is playing well right now. — Наша команда сейчас играет хорошо.

    There are already in Boston a certain number of persons who, having no occupation, seek out the pleasures of the spirit. — В Бостоне уже появилось некоторое количество людей, которые, будучи ничем не заняты, ищут интеллектуальных развлечений.

    4) Выражения со словами every, each согласуются с глаголом по единственному числу. С none допустимо сказуемое как в единственном, так и множественном числе.

    He says that (each and) every one of these painings is a fake. — Он говорит, что все эти картины — подделки.

    Each of these exercises takes a few minutes to do. — На выполнение каждого из этих упражнений нужно потратить несколько минут.

    None of my children has/have blonde hair. — У всех моих детей тёмные волосы.

    5) Словосочетания, обозначающие сумму денег, период времени, расстояние, количество и т.п., согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе.

    Ten thousand pounds is needed to restore the building, but so far only two thousand pounds has been raised. — Для восстановления здания нужно 10 тыс. фунтов стерлингов, но пока удалось собрать только две тысячи.

    Nine years is a long time. — Девять лет - это долго.

    Ten miles is a long way to walk. — Десять миль пешком - неблизкий путь.

    Roughly 35,000 metric tons is believed to remain on the ship. — Полагают, что на борту корабля остаётся около 35000 тон (нефти).

    •

    — Образование и употребление множественного числа см. Plural

    — Неисчисляемые и исчисляемые существительные см. Countable and uncountable nouns

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > Singular

  • 17 Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

    (19061980)
       Marcello Caetano, as the last prime minister of the Estado Novo, was both the heir and successor of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. In a sense, Caetano was one of the founders and sustainers of this unusual regime and, at various crucial stages of its long life, Caetano's contribution was as important as Salazar's.
       Born in Lisbon in 1906 to a middle-class family, Caetano was a member of the student generation that rebelled against the unstable parliamentary First Republic and sought answers to Portugal's legion of troubles in conservative ideologies such as integralism, Catholic reformism, and the Italian Fascist model. One of the most brilliant students at the University of Lisbon's Law School, Caetano soon became directly involved in government service in various ministries, including Salazar's Ministry of Finance. When Caetano was not teaching full-time at the law school in Lisbon and influencing new generations of students who became critical of the regime he helped construct, Caetano was in important government posts and working on challenging assignments. In the 1930s, he participated in reforms in the Ministry of Finance, in the writing of the 1933 Constitution, in the formation of the new civil code, of which he was in part the author, and in the construction of corporativism, which sought to control labor-management relations and other aspects of social engineering. In a regime largely directed by academics from the law faculties of Coimbra University and the University of Lisbon, Caetano was the leading expert on constitutional law, administrative law, political science, and colonial law. A prolific writer as both a political scientist and historian, Caetano was the author of the standard political science, administrative law, and history of law textbooks, works that remained in print and in use among students long after his exile and death.
       After his apprenticeship service in a number of ministries, Caetano rose steadily in the system. At age 38, he was named minister for the colonies (1944 47), and unlike many predecessors, he "went to see for himself" and made important research visits to Portugal's African territories. In 1955-58, Caetano served in the number-three position in the regime in the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council (premier's office); he left office for full-time academic work in part because of his disagreements with Salazar and others on regime policy and failures to reform at the desired pace. In 1956 and 1957, Caetano briefly served as interim minister of communications and of foreign affairs.
       Caetano's opportunity to take Salazar's place and to challenge even more conservative forces in the system came in the 1960s. Portugal's most prominent law professor had a public falling out with the regime in March 1962, when he resigned as rector of Lisbon University following a clash between rebellious students and the PIDE, the political police. When students opposing the regime organized strikes on the University of Lisbon campus, Caetano resigned his rectorship after the police invaded the campus and beat and arrested some students, without asking permission to enter university premises from university authorities.
       When Salazar became incapacitated in September 1968, President Américo Tomás named Caetano prime minister. His tasks were formidable: in the midst of remarkable economic growth in Portugal, continued heavy immigration of Portuguese to France and other countries, and the costly colonial wars in three African colonies, namely Angola, Guinea- Bissau, and Mozambique, the regime struggled to engineer essential social and political reforms, win the wars in Africa, and move toward meaningful political reforms. Caetano supported moderately important reforms in his first two years in office (1968-70), as well as the drafting of constitutional revisions in 1971 that allowed a slight liberalization of the Dictatorship, gave the opposition more room for activity, and decentrali zed authority in the overseas provinces (colonies). Always aware of the complexity of Portugal's colonial problems and of the ongoing wars, Caetano made several visits to Africa as premier, and he sought to implement reforms in social and economic affairs while maintaining the expensive, divisive military effort, Portugal's largest armed forces mobilization in her history.
       Opposed by intransigent right-wing forces in various sectors in both Portugal and Africa, Caetano's modest "opening" of 1968-70 soon narrowed. Conservative forces in the military, police, civil service, and private sectors opposed key political reforms, including greater democratization, while pursuing the military solution to the African crisis and personal wealth. A significant perspective on Caetano's failed program of reforms, which could not prevent the advent of a creeping revolution in society, is a key development in the 1961-74 era of colonial wars: despite Lisbon's efforts, the greater part of Portuguese emigration and capital investment during this period were directed not to the African colonies but to Europe, North America, and Brazil.
       Prime Minister Caetano, discouraged by events and by opposition to his reforms from the so-called "Rheumatic Brigade" of superannuated regime loyalists, attempted to resign his office, but President Américo Tomás convinced him to remain. The publication and public reception of African hero General Antônio Spinola's best-selling book Portugal e Futuro (Portugal and the Future) in February 1974 convinced the surprised Caetano that a coup and revolution were imminent. When the virtually bloodless, smoothly operating military coup was successful in what became known as the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement in Lisbon and was flown to Madeira Island and later to exile in Brazil, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his Brazilian exile, Caetano was active writing important memoirs and histories of the Estado Novo from his vantage point, teaching law at a private university in Rio de Janeiro, and carrying on a lively correspondence with persons in Portugal. He died at age 74, in 1980, in Brazil.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

  • 18 one

    one [wʌn]
    un/une ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (e)-(h) seul ⇒ 1 (c) même ⇒ 1 (d) on ⇒ 2B
    (a) (in expressions of age, date, measurement etc) un (une);
    ∎ one dollar un dollar;
    ∎ one pound une livre;
    ∎ one and a half kilos un kilo et demi;
    ∎ twenty-one apples vingt et une pommes;
    ∎ one million un million;
    ∎ one thousand mille;
    ∎ at one o'clock à une heure;
    ∎ he'll be one (year old) in June il aura un an en juin;
    ∎ on page one (of book) (à la) page un; (of newspaper) à la une;
    ∎ one fifty (a hundred and fifty) cent cinquante; (one pound and fifty pence) une livre cinquante (pence); (one dollar fifty cents) un dollar cinquante (cents); (time) deux heures moins dix, une heure cinquante;
    ∎ one or two (a few) un/une ou deux;
    ∎ a million or a thousand and one (a lot) un millier de;
    ∎ the odds are (at) ten to one la cote est à dix contre un;
    ∎ it's ten to one that or American one will get you ten that he's at the office je parie (à) dix contre un qu'il est au bureau
    ∎ one American in two un Américain sur deux;
    ∎ only one answer is correct il n'y a qu'une seule bonne réponse;
    ∎ at any one time au même moment;
    ∎ one car looks much like another to me pour moi, toutes les voitures se ressemblent;
    ∎ take one half and give him the other prends-en une moitié et donne-lui l'autre;
    ∎ one member one vote = système de scrutin "un homme, une voix"
    (c) (only, single) seul, unique;
    ∎ my one mistake ma seule erreur;
    ∎ the one woman who knows la seule femme qui soit au courant;
    ∎ no one man should have that responsibility c'est trop de responsabilité pour un seul homme;
    ∎ not one family was spared pas une (seule) famille ne fut épargnée
    (d) (same) même;
    ∎ they all arrived on the one day ils sont tous arrivés le même jour;
    ∎ the two wanted men are in fact one and the same person les deux hommes recherchés sont en fait une seule et même personne;
    ∎ to be of one mind (with sb on sth) être du même avis (que qn sur qch);
    ∎ it's all one to me ça m'est égal
    (e) (instead of "a")
    ∎ if there's one thing I hate it's rudeness s'il y a une chose que je n'aime pas, c'est bien la grossièreté;
    ∎ for one thing it's too late d'abord, c'est trop tard;
    ∎ one thing at a time chaque chose en son temps;
    ∎ one thing you'll need to know is… il y a quelque chose qu'il vous faudra savoir…;
    ∎ we had one customer once who wouldn't leave une fois on a eu un client qui ne voulait pas partir
    ∎ I was introduced to one Ian Bell on m'a présenté un certain Ian Bell
    ∎ one day you'll understand un jour, tu comprendras;
    ∎ one evening in July un soir de juillet;
    ∎ early one morning un matin de bonne heure
    ∎ that's one fine car! c'est une sacrée bagnole!;
    ∎ the room was one big mess! il y avait une de ces pagailles dans la pièce!;
    ∎ it's been one hell of a day! quelle journée!□
    A.
    (a) (person, thing)
    ∎ which one lequel (laquelle) m,f;
    ∎ this one celui-ci (celle-ci) m,f;
    ∎ that one celui-là (celle-là) m,f;
    ∎ the other one l'autre mf;
    ∎ the right one le (la) bon (bonne);
    ∎ the wrong one le (la) mauvais(e);
    ∎ which one do you prefer? lequel (laquelle) préférez-vous?;
    ∎ which ones? lesquels?;
    ∎ these ones ceux-ci (celles-ci) mpl, fpl;
    ∎ those ones ceux-là (celles-là) mpl, fpl;
    ∎ which dog? - the one that's barking quel chien? - celui qui aboie;
    ∎ which cars? - the ones you like quelles voitures? - celles que tu aimes;
    ∎ the one I spoke of celui dont j'ai parlé;
    ∎ he's the one who did it c'est lui qui l'a fait;
    ∎ one of my colleagues is sick (l')un de mes collègues est malade;
    ∎ one of the bulbs has fused (l')une des ampoules a grillé;
    ∎ one of them l'un d'entre eux, l'un d'eux;
    ∎ give me one of them donnez-m'en un;
    ∎ she's one of us elle est des nôtres;
    ∎ any one of us n'importe lequel d'entre nous;
    ∎ that's one of my favourite restaurants c'est (l')un de mes restaurants préférés;
    ∎ he's one of my many admirers c'est un de mes nombreux admirateurs;
    ∎ I've only got one je n'en ai qu'un;
    ∎ there's only one left il n'en reste qu'un;
    ∎ I was the only one there j'étais le seul à me trouver là;
    ∎ have you seen one? en avez-vous vu un?;
    ∎ two for the price of one deux pour le prix d'un;
    ∎ one or other l'un d'eux;
    ∎ one after the other l'un après l'autre;
    ∎ you can't have one without the other l'un ne va pas sans l'autre;
    ∎ take the new one prends le nouveau;
    ∎ the scheme was a good one on paper le plan était excellent en théorie;
    ∎ she's eaten all the ripe ones elle a mangé tous ceux qui étaient mûrs/toutes celles qui étaient mûres;
    ∎ our loved or dear ones ceux qui nous sont chers;
    ∎ the mother and her little ones la mère et ses petits;
    ∎ she's my littlest one c'est ma plus jeune ou ma petite dernière;
    ∎ he's a strange one, that boy il est bizarre, ce garçon;
    ∎ British familiar ooh, you are a one! toi, alors!;
    ∎ British familiar he's a right one he is! lui alors!;
    ∎ familiar I'm not much of a one or I'm not a great one for cheese je ne raffole pas du fromage;
    ∎ she's a great one for computers c'est une mordue d'informatique;
    ∎ she's one in a million or thousand c'est une perle rare;
    ∎ I'm not one to gossip but… je ne suis pas du genre commère mais…;
    ∎ I want the opinion of one better able to judge je voudrais avoir l'opinion de quelqu'un qui soit plus capable de juger;
    ∎ familiar there's one born every minute! comment peut-on être aussi stupide!□ ;
    ∎ one and all tous (sans exception);
    ∎ one at a time un à la fois;
    ∎ proverb one for all and all for one un pour tous et tous pour un;
    ∎ familiar to get one over on sb avoir l'avantage sur qn□
    (b) (joke, story, question etc)
    ∎ have you heard the one about the two postmen? tu connais celle des deux facteurs?;
    ∎ that's a good one! elle est bien bonne celle-là!;
    ∎ that's a hard one (a difficult question) vous me posez une colle;
    ∎ that's an easy one c'est facile;
    ∎ the question is one of great importance cette question est d'une grande importance;
    ∎ you'll have to solve this one yourself il faudra que tu règles ça tout seul
    ∎ do you fancy a quick one? on prend un verre en vitesse?□ ;
    ∎ to have had one too many avoir bu un coup de trop
    ∎ to hit or thump or belt sb one en coller une à qn
    ∎ to go into one (lose one's temper) péter les plombs, péter une durite
    ∎ to give sb one (have sex with) en glisser une paire à qn
    ∎ to make one faire une augmentation, augmenter d'une maille
    (h) Stock Exchange unité f;
    ∎ to issue shares in ones émettre des actions en unités
    B.
    ∎ if one loses one's or American his temper si on se met en colère;
    ∎ one can only do one's or American his best on fait ce qu'on peut;
    ∎ it is enough to make one weep il y a de quoi vous faire pleurer;
    ∎ it certainly makes one think ça fait réfléchir, c'est sûr
    ∎ to wash one's hands se laver les mains;
    ∎ to put one's hands in one's pockets mettre ses ou les mains dans les poches
    ∎ formal to be at one with sb/sth être en harmonie avec qn/qch;
    ∎ she felt at one with the world elle se sentait en harmonie avec le monde
    ∎ I for one am disappointed pour ma part, je suis déçu;
    ∎ I know that Gillian for one is against it je sais que Gillian est contre en tout cas
    ∎ all in one à la fois;
    ∎ she's a writer, actress and director (all) in one elle est à la fois scénariste, actrice et metteur en scène;
    ∎ two volumes in one deux volumes en un;
    ∎ a useful three-in-one kitchen knife un couteau de cuisine très utile avec ses trois fonctions
    (b) (at one attempt) du premier coup;
    ∎ he did it in one il l'a fait en un seul coup;
    ∎ familiar got it in one! du premier coup!□
    ∎ they arrived in ones and twos ils arrivèrent les uns après les autres;
    ∎ people stood around in ones and twos les gens se tenaient là par petits groupes
    (two people) l'un l'autre (l'une l'autre) m,f; (more than two people) les uns les autres (les unes les autres) mpl, fpl;
    ∎ they didn't dare talk to one another ils n'ont pas osé se parler;
    ∎ we love one another nous nous aimons;
    ∎ the group meet in one another's homes le groupe se réunit chez l'un ou chez l'autre;
    ∎ they respect one another (two people) ils ont du respect l'un pour l'autre; (more than two people) ils se respectent les uns les autres;
    ∎ you can copy one another's notes (two people) vous pouvez copier vos notes l'un sur l'autre; (more than two people) vous pouvez copier vos notes les uns sur les autres
    un par un (une par une)
    ►► the One Thousand Guineas = course de chevaux qui se déroule à Newmarket en Angleterre

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > one

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